
Greater one-horned rhinoceros
Rhinoceros unicornis
- IUCN status:
- Vulnerable
- Population:
- 4,075
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Species
Three rhinoceros species survive in Asia. The greater one-horned rhino has recovered to over four thousand animals across India and Nepal. The Javan and Sumatran rhinos survive only in Indonesia, in numbers that are not viable in the long term without intervention.

Rhinoceros unicornis
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Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
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Rhinoceros sondaicus
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All three species were driven down by poaching for horn and by the loss and fragmentation of their habitat. Those pressures persist, but for the two Indonesian species the binding constraint has shifted. Populations small enough that animals struggle to find mates fail to reproduce even where habitat and protection are adequate — and in the Sumatran rhino, prolonged non-breeding causes reproductive pathology that can render females permanently infertile. Small populations concentrated in single sites are also exposed to catastrophic loss from a single event.
The group's three species working groups provide the scientific and strategic backbone, supported by four functional groups covering conservation breeding and assisted reproduction, partnerships, communications and membership. The group advises range state governments, convenes expertise across borders, and turns expert consensus into national action plans and technical reviews — the most substantial of which are in thepublications library.